peace talks
This photograph was taken in 1864 by an unknown photographer during peace talks between Chief Black Kettle (seated center) and Major Edward Wynkoop (kneeling holding hat).
U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Native Voices." Last modified 1864. Accessed October 26, 2012. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/331.html.
This photograph shows Black Kettle a well known Indian chief and other Cheyenne chiefs as they met with Major Edward W. Wynkoop at Fort Weld, Colorado, in September 1864. During the peace talks short lived promises were made,as two months later the Sand Creek Massacre occurred, Black Kettle was able to escape un-harmed. Four years later on a Cheyenne reservation near the Washita River Geroge Custer and his troops took over the reservation killing Black Kettle and his family along with others.
U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Native Voices." Last modified 1864. Accessed October 26, 2012. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/331.html.
This photograph shows Black Kettle a well known Indian chief and other Cheyenne chiefs as they met with Major Edward W. Wynkoop at Fort Weld, Colorado, in September 1864. During the peace talks short lived promises were made,as two months later the Sand Creek Massacre occurred, Black Kettle was able to escape un-harmed. Four years later on a Cheyenne reservation near the Washita River Geroge Custer and his troops took over the reservation killing Black Kettle and his family along with others.
Letter regarding sand creek massacre
This correspondence was written on December 20, 1864 by Major Colley a United States Indian Agent.
“Native American Warriors and Battles,” The History Channel website, http://www.history.com/photos/native-americans-warriors-and-battles (accessed Oct 26, 2012).
The letter written by Major Colley, a United States Indian Agent speaks of the manner in which the Indians at Sand Creek were killed. The Sand Creek Massacre is one of the worst massacres against Indians, in which men, women and children were brutally killed without warning. The attack was led by Col. John Chivington, a man known for making genocidal promises against the Native American Indians.
“Native American Warriors and Battles,” The History Channel website, http://www.history.com/photos/native-americans-warriors-and-battles (accessed Oct 26, 2012).
The letter written by Major Colley, a United States Indian Agent speaks of the manner in which the Indians at Sand Creek were killed. The Sand Creek Massacre is one of the worst massacres against Indians, in which men, women and children were brutally killed without warning. The attack was led by Col. John Chivington, a man known for making genocidal promises against the Native American Indians.
Carlisle Indian school students before and after
This photo was taken by John N. Choate in November 1886 (top) and March 1887 (bottom) at the Carlisle Indian School.
"Carlisle Indian Industrial School Group Photos [Photographs]," in Children and Youth in History, Item #290, http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/290 (accessed October 26, 2012). Annotated by Susan Douglass
This photograph was taken to show the progress made when Native American Indian children attend boarding schools. Once children arrived at the school, their hair was cut and they were given military style uniforms for the boys and Victorian style dresses for the girls to be worn daily. Carlisle Indian School was one of the first off-reservation Indian boarding schools and was attended by over 12,000 students during its existence.
"Carlisle Indian Industrial School Group Photos [Photographs]," in Children and Youth in History, Item #290, http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primary-sources/290 (accessed October 26, 2012). Annotated by Susan Douglass
This photograph was taken to show the progress made when Native American Indian children attend boarding schools. Once children arrived at the school, their hair was cut and they were given military style uniforms for the boys and Victorian style dresses for the girls to be worn daily. Carlisle Indian School was one of the first off-reservation Indian boarding schools and was attended by over 12,000 students during its existence.
THe Dawes Act
The Dawes Act also known as the General Allotment Act was adopted by Congress in 1887.
Ourdocuments.gov, "Dawes Act (1887)." Last modified 1887. Accessed October 26, 2012. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=50.
The sponsor of the Dawes Act was Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts. The Dawes Act had two purposes, the first of which was to break up and divide tribal land into individual pieces of land hoping this would assimilate the Indian community into American society by forcing them to live as individuals instead of a community. The second was purpose was to free up land not allocated to Indians to be sold to white settlers. Native American Indians lost over half of the land they previously owned due to the Dawes Act.
Ourdocuments.gov, "Dawes Act (1887)." Last modified 1887. Accessed October 26, 2012. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=50.
The sponsor of the Dawes Act was Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts. The Dawes Act had two purposes, the first of which was to break up and divide tribal land into individual pieces of land hoping this would assimilate the Indian community into American society by forcing them to live as individuals instead of a community. The second was purpose was to free up land not allocated to Indians to be sold to white settlers. Native American Indians lost over half of the land they previously owned due to the Dawes Act.
Indian reservations 1885
The original map created in 1885 by Paul Brodie showed the Indian reservations located with in the United States and its territories.
Brodie, Paul. State Historical Society of North Dakota State Archives, "Digital Horizons." Last modified 1885. Accessed October 26, 2012. http://digitalhorizonsonline.org
This map shows the Indian reservations and their locations. After the Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, this act allowed him to relocate Indians to designated federal territory west of the Mississippi river. Much of what is known as the trail of tears toward Oklahoma happened after the Indian Removal Act. This map shows the large amount of Indian reservations in Oklahoma.
Brodie, Paul. State Historical Society of North Dakota State Archives, "Digital Horizons." Last modified 1885. Accessed October 26, 2012. http://digitalhorizonsonline.org
This map shows the Indian reservations and their locations. After the Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, this act allowed him to relocate Indians to designated federal territory west of the Mississippi river. Much of what is known as the trail of tears toward Oklahoma happened after the Indian Removal Act. This map shows the large amount of Indian reservations in Oklahoma.
Tulalip Indian Boarding School
This photograph was taken in 1912 outside of the girls dormitory at the Tulalip Indian School by Ferdinand Brady.
Brady, Ferdinand. University Libraries University of Washington, "American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection." Last modified 1912. Accessed October 26, 2012.
This photograph taken at the Tulalip Indian School was one of many boarding schools created to assimilate children into the american culture. Indian Boarding Schools began in the late 1800's and children as young as six were taken from their families and placed in boarding schools to learn how to become civilized and to discontinue thier cultural traditions. Many times any type of Indian beliefs, speech or dress were forbidden and often children would be punished if they were caught showing their cultural heritage in any way.
Brady, Ferdinand. University Libraries University of Washington, "American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection." Last modified 1912. Accessed October 26, 2012.
This photograph taken at the Tulalip Indian School was one of many boarding schools created to assimilate children into the american culture. Indian Boarding Schools began in the late 1800's and children as young as six were taken from their families and placed in boarding schools to learn how to become civilized and to discontinue thier cultural traditions. Many times any type of Indian beliefs, speech or dress were forbidden and often children would be punished if they were caught showing their cultural heritage in any way.
